Can Children be Reliable Courtroom Witnesses

For centuries, the law has had mistrust on statements and testimonies given out by children. Justification of lack of trust was brought about by the fact that the children were viewed incapable of differentiating facts from fantasies. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Can Children be Reliable Courtroom Witnesses? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The basis of this notion is supported by the fact that sometimes children lie, especially about sexual abuse due to incitement by immoral parents (Tasman Goldfield, 1991). However, in the last two decades, children have been incorporated as witnesses in courts due to child abuse and for prosecution of offenders. In turn, this has led to a question on whether children are reliable as witnesses in courts The reliability of the information provided by children has always raised concerns in the court system. Various researches have been carried out with an aim of det ermining whether the information provided is reliable or not. Recent researches have shown that children can remember a lot of information especially if they had personal experiences with them, or if the information is meaningful to their lives. It has also been noted that children are likely to experience memory loses after long delays when compared with adults. Research has also been instrumental in revealing that children can describe an event accurately, in the time of questioning as well as in future time without omitting some details. An ironic discovery has also been made about children when it comes to revealing of information. It has been discovered that though children can make false allegations, the greatest risk of information taken from children is having false denials and retractions. The court can easily learn from the reactions of children when they make false allegations knowingly, since they do not persist on them. There are also special characteristics exhibited by some of the children when they are being interrogated. Special attention is given to disabled children. Disabled children are surprisingly more accurate in providing accurate and complete information as compared to children without disabilities (Tasman Goldfield, 1991). It is also evident that children who have learning problems are likely to find it hard to answer close questions, that require yes and no answers. It is therefore notable that in children with disabilities, information is more treasured by forensic experts and is usually sent to forensic psychologists for expert opinion.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various reasons that have made the court system to continue having mistrust on the information provided by children. The case of Salem Witch and trials is such a case. In this case, children that were put on the stand testified of seeing people transform to animals and the animals flew at night. The fact that these information provided by children did not make any sense made it hard for courts to even consider the testimony of the children. The testimony by the children contained many fantasies that made the judges reject indefinitely the testimonies that they were giving. The fact that children develop event memory in every scenario also raises concerns whether children can be used as witness in court and their testimonies trusted. Children have the tendency of giving information from personal perspective. In this kind of information giving, children tend to form a script of how things take place. Such information in courts cannot be used since it makes no sense of convicting someone without having enough evidence from the testimony provided. The reaction of children is a stressful condition, and raises concerns whether the testimony they provide should be used or not. The fact that testifying against a perpetr ator of a crime to children comes with so many feelings raises concerns on the objectivity of the testimony that is being provided. Children tend to fear testifying against perpetrators, and there is evidence that some have tried to commit suicide so that they cannot be involved in testifying. It has also been observed in courts that children cry when testifying against a perpetrator and many recesses been called to calm down the child. To some people, this might be seen as guilt to the perpetrators: however, to the courts it is not always that the perpetrator committed the crime, as there could be several things that may lead to such a reaction by the child (Tasman Goldfield, 1991). The emotions of a child at the same time may make the judge and the forensic officers not know whether to trust the information provided by the child. The fact that the children are stressed when giving such crucial information may make them not the best candidates of trust in the courts. Children ar e also known to encode fewer details about a certain crime than adults do. They are also known of misperceiving of events and in turn, they tend to encode wrong details about a particular crime as compared to older children or adults. The meaning of this is that if a child is subjected to a court of law to give out information as well as an adult. The two parties might give out information, which defers in a big scale. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Can Children be Reliable Courtroom Witnesses? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such is not accepted in a court of law, as a case needs to have objective information to deliver the desired verdict. Research has also shown that the level alertness amongst children does not change much with children after they are born. The meaning of this is that children might be unaware of some instances that might take place and they might not recognize them. Such detail s that children may fail to capture might be the ones they are needed to come up with the verdict of the case. The fact that they are not able to reveal them if need arises also discredit them on whether they are to give out reliable information in a court of law that can be relied on by the jury or the judge. The disclosure of the information by children is also a subject of debate whether the testimonies they give out should be trusted or not. It is evident that children may fail to disclose abusive experiences and they at times deny them when they are asked about them. It has always being suggested by people that suggestive questioning can be used to elicit details about a certain crime. It is especially useful when information is needed about a child who is oppressed sexually who feels; ashamed, embarrassed, or guilty of the abuse that was committed to her and may feel hesitant to talk about it. However, it has also been suggested that questioning in a suggestive manner may lea d to elicit false statements by children. The way of questioning to get information from a child should be such that it is not biased. If incase biased information is given out. The child has a likelihood of revealing the wrong information or the child giving misleading information that may lead to the wrong decision been arrived at. When it comes to identification of witnesses in a court of law, the children decision is a mix up. Young children have a high chance of recognizing a perpetrator when he or she is in the lineup of people who are suspected of the crime. However, the case is different if the perpetrator is not on the lineup of the supposed committers of the crime, children may choose someone who as not there when the crime was committed. The fact that they end up choosing a person from the line up if incase the perpetrator is not in the lineup leaves so much on be desired on whether their testimony should be put in consideration.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has also been considerable evidence that children have a high susceptibility of being affected by post-event contamination. According to a research done by Poole and Lindsay children between the ages of 3-8 years, mothers were told to read stories to these children and the children were later supposed to give responses to the same. At the end of the reading, it was revealed that the children gave out some of the information that they were not contained in the story. There have also been tests that have revealed that children can recall fictitious events as if they actually happened. Later, when the children were given a chance to reconsider the source of the sources of the memories, the older children withdrew their incorrect memories. However, this was not the case when it came to the younger children, as they still stuck to their original version of their stories. The results of this research has so much to offer on whether we should consider the testimonies of the childr en in a court if law. The fact there is the risk that some children may still stand with erroneous views or decision they make of a certain scenario is scarily to the court system. It is important also to note that there is need for a witness to stand by what he or she believed happened in a certain crime. The fact that they may keep changing their statements is problematic in knowing which statement is right or wrong. Unlike adults, children are at times threatened by courts setting. The courts are campaigners of telling the truth and when that come up children at times results to keeping quite. Such happens in case of the crimes the children were involved are embracing in nature and they have to tell it to a bunch of strangers. Children might not tell it due to embracement and the fear that comes with it (Fisher Lerner, 2005). The problem is even worse if the comes to cross-examining children, as children are usually fearful of the questions they are asked that they do not at t imes answer them. The children are also threatened by the type of attire that is won by the judges on the court of law. The lobes and the language jargons used by the forensic officers and the judges do not form party of the repertoire of the children. Some of the language used in the courts many cause scare to the children and may reduce their effectiveness in delivering of the testimony.’ The problems that children experience in the courts can be divided into the following broad categories: inappropriate language vocabulary, Complex syntax, and general ambiguity. The language that is used in courts as earlier noted is not common to children and might not be accommodative to them if incase it is not simplified. Language complexity is inclusive of clauses with multiple meaning, linguist features that are negative and usage of passive voice. Cross-examination that includes usage of unclear questions may also be a problem to them (Fisher Lerner, 2005). The difficulties that are brought about by communication have been noted by the legislature and in turn, it has led to creation of a person known as the intermediary to help. The purpose of the intermediary is to simplify the content that is contained by the information shared in the courts. He or She does this by removing the hostility and aggressions contained in the questions and paraphrase it to a language friendly to the child. Though the intermediary may do a lot of justice to the children in explaining to them what they are not in understanding it is still clear that the intimidation the courts offers to the child still is in existence. Children especially the young ones lack the understanding that comes with the procedures that occur in courts. The fact that that witnesses are brought under oath means that someone is supposed to act in a certain way of conduct. Having young children in courtrooms means that some of them do not understand the seriousness that comes with it. In turn some of them may not work towards the goal of telling the whole truth that pertains to the crime in question. Some children may give incorrect information or keep on changing their testimonies and this is not what is considered in the court of law. Children are also considered easily influenced or swayed away from what they mean their statement (Ogloff Shchuller, 2001). The way the questions are put by the interviews may make children answer them the way they are not supposed to and the interviewer might have a different meaning all together. The behavior, the demeanor, and the altitude of the interviewer may also affect the stand of the child. If the behavior of the interviewer is such that it is polite to the child it may make the child change the tone of what he or she was to say about the perpetrator of the crime. The opposite if this happens when the interviewer is harsh to the child undergoing questioning and the child talks harsh of the perpetrator. Another issue that is brought about reliability of the information shared by children is sexually relating questions to reporting sexual molestation. Some, children are usually not comfortable or at times out of knowledge of this information especially if they are of very young age. Such question discredits them in a court of law because they may not have the knowledge of some of the questioned asked. Even for those who understand the questions, they may feel embraced in speaking about it to strangers who they do not know. Children who are oppressed sexually may feel embarrassed when speaking the information in public since considers the actions shameful. It is also evident that there has been abuse of these procedures to bring to doubt to claims made by using them to avoid conviction of the defendants. Though children may provide information that may not always be trusted there other determinants on whether the information is to be trusted or not. On such players is the juror, the altitude the juror has towards ch ildren determines if the information provided is to be trusted or not. Other characteristics that influence the credibility of the information provided by children the defendant characteristic. A child testimony is more credible to both the judge and the jury if the accused has a criminal record in the past. The testimony is also more credible to the juror if the victim is of different race as the child and this makes it sensitive. Another dependable characteristics is the situation the child is in, a child who testifies in front of camera appears more relaxed that a child who testifies in a court of law. In this two scenarios, the juror may be tempted to believe the testimony of the child who acts more emotional that on the other (Pellegrini Bjorklund, 1998). Attorney trial tactics is another factor that can affect whether the testimony of the child is credible top the testimony to the court. The opening and the closing arguments can induce the court on accepting the verdict of the courts. Victim characteristic can also affect whether the child testimony is going to be believed by the court or not, though indirectly when the child is of the same sex as the juror. Due to this, characteristic women who have molested adolescent boys have seen linier sentences exerted on them Since the testimonies of the children are most of time not trusted by the courts, alternative means need to be used to ensure that perpetrators of crime do not go free since there is mistrust on the children testimony. Incorporation of the expert opinion is necessary. A physician is a good candidate to give facts that are related to the child molestation incidents. Such information is important in making sure that a crime is dealt with and that a person who is not guilty is in castrated. The evaluation of the health of the child is an important undertaking in proving whether assaulting of a child occurs or not (Greene Heilbrun, 2010). When considering whether to include children as wit nesses in any case, it is of importance to make some consideration is put into place. To start with the age of the children should be such a consideration children, it is evident that younger children are not able to reject some of the question that are asked by lawyers especially when they are cross examined. Identification of the perpetrators should also be used to determine whether the child should be used as a witness. A child who would not be able to identify the perpetrator in the lineup should be excluded from the witness list, as he or she may not make a good witness. In bid to make sure that children are not affected by the presence of the defendant, especially in an abusive case scenario, the testimony of the child should be taken out of the court or somewhere where the child does not meet the defendant. This will make the child give a more accurate information unlike when facing the defendant who might have threatened him/her. The question of the reliability of the info rmation that is provided by the child is dependent on the child in question. It is therefore the duty of the judge and the forensic experts to determine whether the child should part of the witness list to testify in a case. However, it before the child is subjected to question in they should be kept away from the defendants to avoid any incidences of intimidation. Care should be taken by juror to ensure that the information they get from children is accurate so that there are minimal incidences of conviction of individuals who have not committed the crime (Ogloff Shchuller, 2001). It is also important to ensure that the investigation is carried out at a shorter time after it happens if children are to be included as part of the witnesses since they are more likely to give accurate information at such a time unlike if they are made to wait for long. Though research has shown that the credibility of the testimonies given by children is subjective in nature, at some scenarios espe cially when a child faces molestation it is necessary that a child be incorporated as part of the witnesses. In case there is inclusion of a child in the witness list, several things need to be included so as to ensure that the child is consistent with the testimony he or she gives. To start with, the child needs to be kept away from the supposed perpetrator of the crime since the perpetrator may instill fear on the child. Another thing that should be put in perspective is to make sure that the trial is carried out as soon as possible to avoid instances of the child forgetting some of important details about the crime. References Fisher, C. B., Lerner, R. M. (2005). Encyclopedia of applied developmental science, Volume 2. London: SAGE . Greene, E., Heilbrun, K. (2010). Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System. Califonia: Cengage Learning . Ogloff, R. P., Shchuller, R. A. (2001). Introduction to psychology and law: Canadian perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto P ress. Pellegrini, D., Bjorklund, D. F. (1998). Applied child study: a developmental approach. New Jersey: Taylor Francis. Tasman, A., Goldfield, M. (1991). Review of psychiatry. Alexadria: American Psychiatric Pub . This research paper on Can Children be Reliable Courtroom Witnesses? was written and submitted by user Charity Murphy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Horrors of Government Control essays

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Cultural and Technologies Effects on Abu Simbel Temple in 12th Century Thesis

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Shrimp

Shrimp Shrimp have a very busy, but short life. In 1 ½ years, shrimp molt and grow through 7 stages. A shrimps life begins in warm, salty Gulf water as one of almost 500,000 small eggs attached to the legs of a female shrimp. A few days later, nauplius larvae hatch from the tiny eggs and float with the swift currents in the Gulf. These small shrimp look like tiny spiders and have no swimming legs. At this stage, the shrimp do not eat other organisms but live on its nutrition for two weeks. The next stage is called protozoea. These fuzzy-looking shrimp quickly grow into the fourth stage of a shrimps life cycle, mysis. Unlike earlier stages, these shrimp can respond to sunlight by moving deeper into the Gulf water to hide from predators. The fifth stage of growth is postlarvae. For the first time, shrimp can cling to the bottom of the estuary floor. For 4 to 6 weeks, these medium sized shrimp grow into juvenile shrimp. Juvenile shrimp like to hide and eat under plants in shallow, salty wate r. These shrimp grow into the sixth stage known as subadult. Subadult shrimp only swim to the top of the water at night. They migrate with the currents and grow into adult shrimp with the changes in temperature. When the water temperature rises, the shrimp return to the Gulf. Adult shrimp live in 60 to 500 ft of water, a depth about the length of 1 ½ football fields. Throughout their life, a shrimp eats many different things such as micro-algae, worms, decaying animal parts, plant roots, coral, and other shrimp. Their eating habits contribute to the health of Louisianas estuary. Species of shrimp Many species of shrimp live in the Gulf of Mexico and Louisianas estuaries. Two of the most popular to eat are brown shrimp and white shrimp. White shrimp are easy to notice. They have long, black antennas and a smooth tail shell. A white shrimp can be a few different colors. White shrimp are pink if caught during the night. White shrimp may be white or grey, depending on the temperature and the amount of salt in the water. Migrating shrimp have red legs. A shrimps color does not affect its taste once cooked. White shrimp begin their life cycle in the Gulf. When the temperature of the Gulf is just right, a female white shrimp spawns only two or three times. They migrate toward land in the early summer. They feed and grow until the early fall. When the water temperature becomes cooler, white shrimp migrate back into the Gulf during August, September, and October. Once they begin migrating, white shrimp in coastal and bay waters are harvested. White shrimp grow the largest size so shimpers love to harvest them. Brown shrimp are similar to white shrimp in many ways. Like white shrimp, their colors can vary. Small brown shrimp in estuaries are dark grey. Near shore in Gulf waters, brown shrimp are tan. Large brown shrimp in offshore waters are dark brown or red. Unlike white shrimp, the color of a brown shrimp does affect its taste. Because natural iodine causes the brown color in shrimp, dark brown shrimp have a bitter, iodine taste. Brown shrimps anatomy is different than white shrimp. They have brown, medium length antennas and small grooves on their shell. Brown shrimp also have a toothed rostrum, a sharp piece of shell that points out over their eyes. Brown shrimp also begin their life cycle in the Gulf. By responding to a change in water temperature, they spawn all year long in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico. They migrate inland to the estuaries before the white shrimp in the winter. Brown shrimp feed and grow until early summer. They are harvested during the summer in May, June, and July while still inland and rather small. Brown shrimp migrate back to the Gulf of Mexico in the late summer to spawn. Shrimp is one of Louisianas most valuable resources. Louisiana has more shrimp landings than any other state. Louisiana shrimpers work so hard that they are the #1 producer of shrimp in the U.S. In spite of this, Louisiana shrimp accounts for only 10% of the shrimp eaten in the United States! How could this be? Most people buy shrimp that is imported from other countries. Shrimpers in Louisiana are forced to lower the price of their shrimp to compete with the price of the imported shrimp. This low price really hurts Louisianas shrimp industry. By reducing their prices, Louisiana shrimpers may not meet their business financial needs. You can help support Louisianas shrimp industry in different ways. One way is to only buy Louisiana shrimp. You can always visit local docks and buy shrimp directly from shrimpers. Local shrimp is much fresher than the frozen, imported shrimp. You can even ask for Louisiana shrimp at restaurants and grocery stores. When buying shrimp When buying shrimp, you should consider a few important details. Some shrimp packages are labeled â€Å"head on.† This means the shrimps head was not removed. Other packages are labeled â€Å"headless.† This means that the shrimps head was removed. Sometimes shrimp are labeled as â€Å"green headless† shrimp. â€Å"Green† simply means that the shrimp are organic and unprocessed. Both brown and white shrimp occasionally have black spots on their shells. These black spots are caused by the reaction of natural amino acids and sunlight. Although they do not look appealing, these shrimp do not taste different and are safe to eat. Shrimp are labeled by how many shrimp there are per pound. On the package of shrimp are two numbers. For example, a package may be labeled 61/70.† This means there are about 61 to 70 shrimp per pound in the package. A smaller number indicates bigger shrimp. For example, one package might have been labeled as 16/20. These shrimp a re much larger than the 61/70 shrimp and contain 16 to 20 shrimp per pound. Sometimes you might see a package labeled as U/10. This package contains about 10 â€Å"colossal† shrimp per pound. Fishermen recently found a new invasive species. While fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, they caught a few Tiger shrimp. Tiger shrimp are the largest shrimp in the world. They are natives of Southeast Asia, Philippines, and Australia. Adult Tiger shrimp are 36 cm long. That is about 21 cm larger than adult white shrimp! Adult Tiger shrimp usually have black and white stripes on their tails. Their bodies may be brown, green, red, grey, blue, black, or yellow. Their color depends on the temperature and the amount of salt in the water. Just like white shrimp, their color does not affect their taste. Tiger shrimp begin their life during the night. A female shrimp will spawn about 750,000 eggs that are attached to her legs. These eggs hatch in 15 hours. They quickly grow through the same 7 stages as white and brown shrimp. Tiger shrimp grow into the adult stage in just a few months. Just like other shrimp, Tiger shrimp live on the bottom of estuaries during the day. They swim around in search of food during the night. Tiger shrimp are predators. They eat other shrimp and small fish. Because Tiger shrimp are new to the Gulf of Mexico, scientists are not sure if they will become invasive. Scientists must track this species of shrimp in local habitats to determine if the Tiger shrimp will harm the environment. If you find a Tiger shrimp, you should call BTNEP at (985) 447-0868 or Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries at (225) 765-2800. Shrimp are important to Louisianas estuary. Their niche, or role, changes with each new stage of their life cycle. A shrimps niche can be determined by studying the physical changes at each stage in its life cycle. Below is the life cycle of a shrimp. Label each stage. Then in the first block, describe the physical characteristics of the shrimp at each stage. In the second block, hypothesize how the shrimps physical traits help it adapt to its changing environment. To check your answers, go to http://www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/biological/shrimpniche.htm#lifecycle. Americans eat 1 billion pounds of shrimp in one year! Americans eat more shrimp than any other food.

And Then There Were Three Essay -- Literature Writing Papers

And Then There Were Three From author to appearance, purpose to publisher, the creation of the Lyrical Ballads was far from simple. Though the blank-verse Tintern Abbey is one of the â€Å"other poems† hidden in the back of just one edition of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ballads, the pastoral ode best represents the Wordsworthian anxiety that casts a shadow over the entire, complex publication of the Lyrical Ballads. Tintern Abbey was not meant to be a part of the Lyrical Ballads, but was added at the last minute, when the poems were already in the printing press (Moorman). Though hasty and not quite fitting, Wordsworth’s final addition to the first volume of the Lyrical Ballads became its most illustrious installation. Though both the Lyrical Ballads and Tintern Abbey eventually found their own wide audiences, the single poem did not fit with the purpose of the whole. Wordsworth and Coleridge set out to conduct an experiment. Coleridge’s short ballads were radical because they were, in his own words, â€Å"directed to persons and characters supernatural or at least romantic; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth.† Wordsworth’s mission was the opposite: â€Å"to give charm of novelty to things of every day† (cited by Rannie). Though Wordsworth’s 1798 Advertisement and Prefaces of 1800 and 1802, and Coleridge’s 1817 Biographia Literaria explain the experiment clearly and directly, their initial intention for publication was nothing like the volumes of poems that were eventually produced. The idea for a joint effort eventually came out of the Wordsworth and Coleridge’s partnership on The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. While Coleridge produced the bulk of the poem, its ... ...ment within the volume, Tintern Abbey is at the forefront. REFERENCES Gill, Stephen. William Wordsworth: A Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. Graver, Bruce and Ronald Tetreault. Editing Lyrical Ballads for the Electronic Environment. 1998. Romanticism on the Net. 4 March 2003. . Jordan, John E. Why the Lyrical Ballads? London: University of California Press, 1976. Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth: The Early Years, 1770-1803. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957. Rannie, David Watson. Wordsworth and His Circle. London: Methuen & Co., 1907. Woof, R.S. Wordsworth’s Poetry and Stuarts Newspapers: 1797-1803. 1962. University of Virginia. 4 March 2003..

Impetus for Global Warming

Although the whole world is aware of the global worming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do mother earth in the coming future, there are those who still believe global worming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. Many people assert to the fact that earth is jeopardized by daily human activities that we cannot do without while skeptics strongly continue to believe that human activities are not the cause to global (Haldar, 2011). Most of the skeptics do not understand how human activities are contributing to global warming. They do not realize that every time they turn on their electronic gadgets and drive cars they contribute to the problem. It is due to such ignorance in the past that the problem has continued to creep on us. Additionally, as much as many people understand that global warming, is a problem now; very few understand that each choice they make contribute to the problem while even fewer do not understand that it is the responsibility of every person to solve the problem by remaining conscious of their consumption choices. Global warming is based on the notion that the earth temperatures are increasing due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. The increase in temperatures is caused by the increasing emission of carbon dioxide, CO2, into the atmosphere that is associated with trapping heat hence the greenhouse effect. According to Maslin (2007), human activities that include burning of fossil fuels are the main causes of global warming in our planet. The effect of increasing global temperatures is the main cause of changing global climate, which is the main effect of global warming (Haldar, 2011). This further affects different climatic regions in different ways such as faster melting of the glaciers in the arctic, famine and draughts, heavier rainfall in some regions while others hardly receive any, warmer oceans, loss of species and changing weather patterns amongst others. Therefore, there is a pressing need to protect the environment in the face of global warming especially in adversely affected areas where climatic changes are occurring rapidly (Haldar, 2011). Arguments for Global Warming Currently, many arguments in favor of the global warming issue exist. The most agreed upon argument is that human activities especially those that cause emission of carbon dioxide are quite high to be considered insignificant or negligible, as skeptics to global warming would term them. The other argument is that global temperatures are more constant and do not change over a short while. However, the current increase in the global average temperatures is an indicator of increasing greenhouse effect causing the global warming. Further scientific research indicate that over the past century when the world has undergone a huge transformation into industrialization temperatures have increased significantly especially in the last fifty years. Moreover, scientific studies agree that fluctuating temperatures are not only caused by human activities, but also other activities such as volcanic eruptions and solar activities amongst other cause (Biophile Magazine n. d). This indicates that arguments for global warming are supported by scientific research while skeptic arguments are not. Another argument for global warming is that carbon dioxide being one of the most important greenhouse gases cannot be removed from the atmosphere easily. It requires a lot of time to remove from the atmosphere considering that we currently produce it in huge amounts. The current amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can last for the next 200 years even if we stopped emitting any into the atmosphere (Biophile Magazine n. d). This means that its percentage in the atmosphere will continue to increase if no measures are taken to stop. A comparison of the earth’s climate with its closest planets can indicate how the effect of increase in carbon could jeopardize life. Mars, with a thinner atmosphere has almost all of its carbon dioxide in the ground maintaining its temperatures at -50oC. On the other hand, Venus that is closer to the sun has a thicker atmosphere with 96% of it containing carbon dioxide. This maintains its temperatures at +420oC. This is to mean that increase in carbon implies increased temperatures (Maslin, 2007). Arguments against Global Warming While there are many arguments for global warming, it is surprising that there are as many opposing views especially ones that are just fiction. One of the major opposing arguments is that even though the earth is warming up, we cannot for sure attribute this to human activities. Most of these opposing views from the skeptics attribute global warming to natural causes despite the fact that scientific studies have indicated the contribution of human activities to global warming. As a result, many people are confused over whether global warming is a fact of fiction. Even some scientists argue that global warming if it exists is beneficial since it allows longer growing seasons, efficient irrigation schemes and creates more climates that are conducive. Although this might be partially true, it is a known fact that such effect is only for a short period while the negative effects are permanent. Another argument from the skeptics is that carbon dioxide can be removed from the atmosphere quickly, meaning that we can reverse the effect quickly than it is changing (Biophile Magazine n. d). As aforementioned, this is not true and remains just a fiction. Further, they claim the negligibility of the human activities in causing the problem. These are arguments without scientific or in contrast to scientific studies, making most of them fiction. However, whether fiction or not fiction, such arguments have the effects of slowing the efforts of mitigating the problem. In conclusion, it is evident that two sides to the global warming fact or fiction debate exist with many still believing that human activities have nothing to do with global warming. The arguments presents two sides, one with people who believe that human activities are causing the global warming while the other believes global warming if it exists is caused by natural causes. The two sides of view dictate what one can do to prevent the problem from aggravating. With the view supporting global warming, the proponents are more likely to take up measures that reduce carbon emission especially changing their consumption behavior while the opposing side will just do nothing. It is important to understand both sides of the arguments in order to make better judgment concerning measures that can reduce global warming.

Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay

Are You Tuff/Tough? He stands near the brightly colored wall with her in his arms, as he watches another pass by. His mouth opens and eyes widen. The girl in his arms, wearing sparkly, star blue jeans, cocks one shoulder back and looks to see what he seems to be so interested in. Her mouth opens and anger rages through her beaming, brown eyes. The girl walking by, face unrevealed with long blonde hair, strides by him in her figure-fitting OTB jeans. The advertisement is a sidewalk scene with graffiti on the outside wall of a building. The first page of the background is brightly colored with OTB logos everywhere. OTB is the brand name for denim and jeanswear. The second bottom of the advertisement page reads,  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ, and One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ and is branded on the back pocket of denim jeans with the reflection of the smoky branding iron leaving its target. This advertisement uses stereotypes of men and women as its way of selling its product, OTB jeans. In the advertisement, the guy, wearing both an OTB shirt and jeans embracing a girl in his arms, denotes the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s attractiveness as he watches another girl pass by. This, showing the guy has, obviously, no shame in doing so and the girl walking by has no shame in looking back. The caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ ¡Ã‚ ¨ strikes a man ¡Ã‚ ¦s pride and ego in seeing and possibly believing his jeans can make him more attractive, whereas the caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ gives a girl a sense of attraction in being noticed and looked upon. Both of the captions push one common use of advertisement: the male to female and female to male attraction. While observing the expression on the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s face, there are many possibilities of thoughts that may be running through her head. One of which being that perhaps she would get the same response from guys if she wore OTB jeans, or maybe that she could win her guy ¡Ã‚ ¦s attention back by going out and buying... Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay Are You Tuff/Tough? He stands near the brightly colored wall with her in his arms, as he watches another pass by. His mouth opens and eyes widen. The girl in his arms, wearing sparkly, star blue jeans, cocks one shoulder back and looks to see what he seems to be so interested in. Her mouth opens and anger rages through her beaming, brown eyes. The girl walking by, face unrevealed with long blonde hair, strides by him in her figure-fitting OTB jeans. The advertisement is a sidewalk scene with graffiti on the outside wall of a building. The first page of the background is brightly colored with OTB logos everywhere. OTB is the brand name for denim and jeanswear. The second bottom of the advertisement page reads,  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ, and One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ and is branded on the back pocket of denim jeans with the reflection of the smoky branding iron leaving its target. This advertisement uses stereotypes of men and women as its way of selling its product, OTB jeans. In the advertisement, the guy, wearing both an OTB shirt and jeans embracing a girl in his arms, denotes the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s attractiveness as he watches another girl pass by. This, showing the guy has, obviously, no shame in doing so and the girl walking by has no shame in looking back. The caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ ¡Ã‚ ¨ strikes a man ¡Ã‚ ¦s pride and ego in seeing and possibly believing his jeans can make him more attractive, whereas the caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ gives a girl a sense of attraction in being noticed and looked upon. Both of the captions push one common use of advertisement: the male to female and female to male attraction. While observing the expression on the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s face, there are many possibilities of thoughts that may be running through her head. One of which being that perhaps she would get the same response from guys if she wore OTB jeans, or maybe that she could win her guy ¡Ã‚ ¦s attention back by going out and buying...

Mandrogora essays

Mandrogora essays This book by David McRobbie consists of 2 main characters that eventually draw out six themes in the book, all themes relate to either Adam or Catriona; these themes include perseverance, confidence which includes courage, intuition, friendship and so minor themes like betrayal and repentance. In the book, I think that Adam and Catriona get a strong sense of themselves by being near each other so they can support each other but there was a time in the book where Catriona avoided Adam, because of that, Adam ¡s sense of himself seemed to fall apart but he did recover later on when Catriona was talking to him again. Adam and Catriona showed a lot of perseverance in the book, when Adam was sad, down or losing, he still never gave up, and this gave him an edge to aid himself to do things an average person wouldn ¡t dare to do. Catriona also showed perseverance when she was also sad or down. I think today that we should practice perseverance whenever we can because perseverance is a really useful gift to use today. Intuition was a big theme of this book, Adam and Catriona showed it nearly everywhere in the book, Adam showed it nearly every time he was talking to Catriona, Adam couldn ¡t really express his feelings for Catriona, Adam also showed it to his dad, He seemed to walk away from a close relation with his dad even when his mother tried to help but Adam seemed like he didn ¡t want to have a close relationship. People today should practice intuition so they could have good friendships and relationships, if we all learnt how to use our intuitions, we will have less brake ups or divorces. Friendship is a big thing in life, we all need friendships to be happy and also safe, Adam also thought like this, He was happy whenever Catriona was around or talking with him, Catriona also saw Adam as a good friend so they both worked together and that ¡s how they got a strong sense of themselves. ...

Sx-wk7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sx-wk7 - Essay Example Another example is the South Asian LGBs who are "largely closeted in their own communities.." (p. 135) because of their cultural mores. It can be assumed that all LGB people are "the same" and have the same experiences. According to Bohan, this is not true. In my own experience, I have seen many different LBGs and it seems that there were many differences. As an example, some whites seemed to be more open than minority LGBs. In hearing some of their stories, it seemed to take longer for minorities to "come out" because they were afraid they would be rejected by their families. I found it interesting that LGBs come to midlife that they seem freer than they did when they were younger. I could understand why however. Bohan says that it is because there is "an absence of traditional gender roles allowed by LGB may make midlife a more fulfilling period for LGBs†¦" (p. 159). I think that this is part of it. I also think that at a certain time and space LGBs just get tired of not living their life in the way they want. This comment also reminded me of something that Fee (2006) said regarding transgendered identity. They make the point that when we only have two genders, it is difficult for people who do not fit one of these categories to define an identity (p. 1). It would seem that LGBs would have somewhat of a struggle deciding how to be within a specific gender and are able to release that as they grow

Pakistan and Indian International Conflict Essay

Pakistan and Indian International Conflict - Essay Example As described by CNN (1997) the countries have fought several wars over the disputed region of Kashmir that remains an unsolved matter between the two nations. The reason for this conflict comes from the partition of India and Pakistan of which Kashmir remains an unanswered question. At the time of partition, various states in India were given the option to join Pakistan, join India or to become independent. Muslim majority states with Muslim rulers predominantly opted to join Pakistan while Hindu majority states with Hindu rulers largely opted to join India (BBC, 2003). Kashmir was a case where the population was largely Muslim yet the ruler of the state was a Hindu who opted for India. The people of the state asked the newly formed government of Pakistan for help and a war was setup between the two nations that was eventually stopped by the UN. While the UN was supposed to conduct a referendum in the region, India asserted its legal right over the state even though the region is still recognized as being disputed (Global Security, 2005). The strategic importance as well as the tourism value of the region makes it important for both countries (BBC, 2003). It seems that there is no real cause for both nations to go to war since they have both committed time and again to find a reasonable solution to their problem. Further, their economies are being badly hurt by a continued conflict that has created instability in the region . India perhaps has more to loose from a war in economic terms since it is trying to show the world that it can be an economic giant. Pakistan has got more to lose in terms of territory since the Indian forces outnumber their forces 5 to 1 in many cases (Global Security, 2005). Any third party intervention into the situation is also very unlikely since both nations are declared nuclear powers that have the capacity and the capability to start a nuclear war. Due to their close proximity, the danger of a nuclear war in the